實驗名稱：壓電疊(die)堆驅動(dong)器的位移(yi)響應
研究方向：選用一(yi)種新型的(de)主(zhu)動流動控(kong)制方法——仿生(sheng)流動控(kong)制來(lai)減小翼面(mian)表面(mian)的(de)流動阻力(li)。根據翼面(mian)流動控(kong)制反應時間短、輸出(chu)力(li)大(da)和位(wei)(wei)移(yi)較大(da)等要求，在常(chang)用的(de)智能材料(liao)中選擇了(le)BCS3-05051壓(ya)電疊(die)堆(dui)驅(qu)動器，集成了(le)一(yi)個柔性動壁(bi)實驗系(xi)統(tong)，模擬(ni)海豚(tun)表皮(pi)高速運動下的(de)狀態(tai)，并(bing)通過(guo)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)測(ce)量和數(shu)值模擬(ni)觀察其(qi)減阻特性。通過(guo)激光(guang)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)傳感(gan)器對動壁(bi)實驗系(xi)統(tong)進行位(wei)(wei)移(yi)測(ce)量時，發現(xian)其(qi)表面(mian)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)駐波存在倍(bei)(bei)頻現(xian)象(xiang)，引發這種現(xian)象(xiang)的(de)緣由是驅(qu)動電壓(ya)的(de)相位(wei)(wei)差，放大(da)后信號失真以(yi)及壓(ya)電疊(die)堆(dui)本身的(de)遲滯(zhi)效應，針(zhen)對這種狀態(tai)，提出(chu)了(le)通過(guo)示(shi)波器實時監控(kong)，改變(bian)放大(da)倍(bei)(bei)數(shu)以(yi)及通過(guo)非線性遲滯(zhi)模型來(lai)調整驅(qu)動電壓(ya)等方法，以(yi)消除倍(bei)(bei)頻現(xian)象(xiang)。
實驗目的：通(tong)過對動(dong)(dong)壁實驗(yan)系統的(de)位移測量(liang)和數值模擬，驗(yan)證動(dong)(dong)壁駐(zhu)波運(yun)動(dong)(dong)的(de)減阻效(xiao)果。結果表(biao)明，其減阻的(de)機理是駐(zhu)波運(yun)動(dong)(dong)在柔性(xing)動(dong)(dong)壁表(biao)面產(chan)生了一(yi)列穩(wen)定的(de)渦旋；駐(zhu)波運(yun)動(dong)(dong)的(de)頻率(lv)相較于振(zhen)幅(fu)而言(yan)對減阻效(xiao)果的(de)影響更(geng)大(da)。
測試設備：函數(shu)(shu)信號發(fa)生器(qi)、ATA-4315高壓功率放大器(qi)、激光測振儀、數(shu)(shu)字存儲示波器(qi)等。
實驗過程：BCS3-050518壓(ya)電(dian)疊(die)堆實物圖(tu)如下圖(tu)所示，外層為(wei)絕(jue)緣(yuan)塑料膜，正負(fu)極線分(fen)別以紅色和黑色的(de)標示出來并外接75mm長(chang)。由于在(zai)驅動(dong)過程中，常(chang)常(chang)會對(dui)壓(ya)電(dian)疊(die)堆施(shi)加不(bu)(bu)同幅(fu)值不(bu)(bu)同頻率(lv)的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)，根據壓(ya)電(dian)疊(die)堆工作原理，其在(zai)不(bu)(bu)同情況下的(de)位(wei)移不(bu)(bu)盡相同，測(ce)量(liang)了其在(zai)不(bu)(bu)同參數的(de)交(jiao)變電(dian)壓(ya)下的(de)位(wei)移響(xiang)應。
壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電疊(die)堆(dui)(dui)驅動器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位移(yi)測量裝(zhuang)置(zhi)示意(yi)圖如(ru)下(xia)圖所示，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電疊(die)堆(dui)(dui)通(tong)過(guo)硅橡(xiang)膠粘連在(zai)(zai)剛性承(cheng)載(zai)平(ping)臺上(shang)(shang)，底部可當成(cheng)(cheng)固定邊界條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)，頂部不附加(jia)任(ren)何載(zai)荷，完全自由邊界條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)。由于壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電疊(die)堆(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位移(yi)較(jiao)為(wei)微小，因此將剛性承(cheng)載(zai)平(ping)臺固定在(zai)(zai)隔振臺上(shang)(shang)，避免(mian)外界振動對測量造成(cheng)(cheng)影響。通(tong)過(guo)函數信號發生器(qi)產生想要的(de)(de)(de)(de)驅動電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，通(tong)過(guo)功率(lv)放大(da)器(qi)將電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)進(jin)行放大(da)，然(ran)后分別(bie)以正負極接入壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電疊(die)堆(dui)(dui)進(jin)行驅動。通(tong)過(guo)激(ji)光(guang)測振儀測量壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電疊(die)堆(dui)(dui)表(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)位移(yi)，為(wei)了提高(gao)激(ji)光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)射率(lv)，在(zai)(zai)其表(biao)面貼上(shang)(shang)增強反(fan)光(guang)效果薄膜，激(ji)光(guang)測振儀所測得距離變換轉(zhuan)換為(wei)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)信號的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化，通(tong)過(guo)示波器(qi)將其記錄下(xia)來并乘以相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)靈敏度，即可得到壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電疊(die)堆(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位移(yi)。
在(zai)壓電疊堆(dui)(dui)被施加驅動(dong)電壓之后，通過單(dan)點激光測(ce)(ce)振(zhen)儀對(dui)其(qi)表面位移進(jin)行測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。該激光測(ce)(ce)振(zhen)儀基于激光多(duo)普勒原理進(jin)行測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，將輸出激光照(zhao)射(she)到(dao)待測(ce)(ce)目(mu)標上，同時(shi)收(shou)集目(mu)標反射(she)激光，經(jing)干涉產生正比(bi)于目(mu)標速度(du)(du)的(de)多(duo)普勒頻移信(xin)號(hao)，經(jing)內(nei)置于控制器(qi)內(nei)的(de)解碼器(qi)運算處理，輸出被測(ce)(ce)物的(de)速度(du)(du)值和位移值。核(he)心(xin)設備(bei)分(fen)別為(wei)圖(tu)中所示的(de)高(gao)性能(neng)控制器(qi)和非(fei)接觸式高(gao)靈(ling)敏度(du)(du)光學頭，這里(li)采用(yong)的(de)是標準光學頭，可(ke)(ke)在(zai)距(ju)(ju)目(mu)標0.5米~100米距(ju)(ju)離上進(jin)行測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，具(ju)有極高(gao)的(de)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)分(fen)辨(bian)(bian)率和極大的(de)動(dong)態測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)范圍，可(ke)(ke)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)原子級(ji)(ji)微(wei)弱振(zhen)動(dong)到(dao)數十萬g沖擊。在(zai)帶寬為(wei)1Hz的(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)，其(qi)速度(du)(du)分(fen)辨(bian)(bian)率可(ke)(ke)達到(dao)0.02，位移分(fen)辨(bian)(bian)率最高(gao)可(ke)(ke)至0.15nm，對(dui)于壓電疊堆(dui)(dui)的(de)微(wei)米級(ji)(ji)位移而言，其(qi)完全(quan)可(ke)(ke)以滿(man)足(zu)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)要求。
激(ji)(ji)光(guang)位移(yi)傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)得信(xin)號(hao)通(tong)過(guo)BNC線傳輸(shu)到數(shu)字(zi)存儲(chu)示波器(qi)(qi)(qi)中，該示波器(qi)(qi)(qi)擁有四通(tong)道(dao)，可(ke)以存儲(chu)100kpts的(de)數(shu)據(ju)，最快更新(xin)速(su)率高達50000個波形/秒，示波器(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)以同時將激(ji)(ji)光(guang)位移(yi)傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)發出的(de)電壓(ya)信(xin)號(hao)和函數(shu)發生器(qi)(qi)(qi)產生的(de)信(xin)號(hao)記(ji)錄下來，通(tong)過(guo)數(shu)字(zi)處理將其輸(shu)出為(wei)電信(xin)號(hao)，從中可(ke)以得到壓(ya)電疊(die)堆的(de)具(ju)體位移(yi)與所(suo)施加(jia)的(de)激(ji)(ji)勵(li)源之間的(de)關系。
實驗結果：從上述(shu)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)疊堆(dui)工(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)理(li)來(lai)看，壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)疊堆(dui)在直流電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下的(de)(de)位移響(xiang)(xiang)應與(yu)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)基本成正比關系(xi)，但在實(shi)際工(gong)作(zuo)中，通常驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)會(hui)根據(ju)需求進(jin)行實(shi)時變(bian)化，也就(jiu)是(shi)說施加在壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)疊堆(dui)上的(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)幅值并(bing)不(bu)是(shi)一個定(ding)值，在變(bian)化電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)幅值下，壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)疊堆(dui)驅(qu)動(dong)器內部連接用的(de)(de)膠層由于剛度與(yu)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)陶瓷片相(xiang)差較大，其(qi)變(bian)形(xing)速度與(yu)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)陶瓷片并(bing)不(bu)一致，因此需要研(yan)究其(qi)位移響(xiang)(xiang)應與(yu)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)之間的(de)(de)關系(xi)。
對于壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)(dui)而言(yan)，為了(le)研究(jiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)幅(fu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)響應(ying)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)線性(xing)關系，需要保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)幅(fu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是線性(xing)增長，也就(jiu)是對于壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)(dui)輸入一(yi)(yi)個三角波(bo)。但是通(tong)常驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)都是由平滑的(de)(de)三角函數(shu)形(xing)式(shi)構成，因此(ci)對于兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)不同的(de)(de)波(bo)形(xing)，首(shou)先需要研究(jiu)其函數(shu)形(xing)式(shi)對于壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)響應(ying)會有什么影響。通(tong)過(guo)任(ren)意函數(shu)發生器，對壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)(dui)分別施(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)三角波(bo)和最(zui)常見的(de)(de)三角函數(shu)正弦波(bo)，兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)波(bo)形(xing)的(de)(de)頻率一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)(zhi)，并且(qie)盡(jin)量小，接近于直流狀態，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)峰峰值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)(zhi)，如圖2.7(a)所(suo)示(shi)。通(tong)過(guo)激光位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)傳感器測得壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)(dui)在(zai)兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)波(bo)形(xing)下(xia)的(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)，如圖2.7(b)所(suo)示(shi)。圖中可(ke)以看出，兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)波(bo)形(xing)下(xia)的(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)(dui)驅動(dong)器位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)形(xing)式(shi)較為相似，單個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)下(xia)的(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)之(zhi)間(jian)誤(wu)差不超過(guo)5%，由此(ci)可(ke)以看出，三角波(bo)形(xing)和正弦波(bo)形(xing)對于壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)響應(ying)并沒有明(ming)顯的(de)(de)影響。隨后通(tong)過(guo)調整功率放大(da)器的(de)(de)放大(da)倍數(shu)，對壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)不同幅(fu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，觀察不同幅(fu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)下(xia)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)(dui)驅動(dong)器的(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)響應(ying)。如圖2.8所(suo)示(shi)，在(zai)驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)從60V下(xia)降至一(yi)(yi)半30V以后，最(zui)大(da)位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)下(xia)降了(le)不止一(yi)(yi)半，并且(qie)遲(chi)滯(zhi)曲線的(de)(de)寬(kuan)度明(ming)顯減小，這(zhe)表明(ming)在(zai)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)下(xia)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)遲(chi)滯(zhi)效應(ying)較弱。
此外(wai)(wai)，對于圖2.7，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)施加(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)從(cong)零(ling)加(jia)載到最大值，再從(cong)最大值落回(hui)(hui)零(ling)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，可以(yi)明顯(xian)看出在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)加(jia)載過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)之間基本(ben)處于線(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)關(guan)系，但是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)卸載過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)出現(xian)(xian)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)(fei)(fei)線(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，其并沒有(you)按照原本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)曲(qu)線(xian)返(fan)回(hui)(hui)，而(er)是(shi)出現(xian)(xian)了(le)一(yi)個(ge)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，圖中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)體(ti)現(xian)(xian)為(wei)加(jia)載曲(qu)線(xian)和(he)(he)卸載曲(qu)線(xian)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)隙。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)非(fei)(fei)(fei)常(chang)相(xiang)似，構成壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)片(pian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)制作流程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)經(jing)過(guo)施加(jia)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)(he)高(gao)(gao)溫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)操作，其本(ben)身具備了(le)自發(fa)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)外(wai)(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用下，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)片(pian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)矩(ju)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)會(hui)發(fa)生變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)強(qiang)度P和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)強(qiang)度E的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)曲(qu)線(xian)與(yu)鐵(tie)(tie)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)回(hui)(hui)線(xian)非(fei)(fei)(fei)常(chang)相(xiang)似，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)被(bei)稱為(wei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。具有(you)鐵(tie)(tie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)與(yu)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)體(ti)有(you)許多(duo)相(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物理性(xing)(xing)(xing)質，例如在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)升降過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)回(hui)(hui)線(xian)與(yu)鐵(tie)(tie)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)回(hui)(hui)線(xian)有(you)著(zhu)類(lei)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式，鐵(tie)(tie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疇(chou)與(yu)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)疇(chou)對應。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)外(wai)(wai)加(jia)交(jiao)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)下，具有(you)鐵(tie)(tie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)強(qiang)度與(yu)外(wai)(wai)加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系并非(fei)(fei)(fei)線(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)關(guan)系，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)被(bei)稱為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)[79]。它(ta)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)晶(jing)體(ti)具有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)對稱性(xing)(xing)(xing)，x軸(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)格(ge)(ge)常(chang)數(shu)和(he)(he)z軸(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)格(ge)(ge)常(chang)數(shu)并不(bu)相(xiang)等，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)經(jing)過(guo)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處理后(hou)仍然存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)著(zhu)一(yi)些與(yu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)90°的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)子。壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)相(xiang)對較(jiao)低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)由于外(wai)(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)使得(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)晶(jing)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)子發(fa)生了(le)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)也就(jiu)是(shi)逆壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效應，使得(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)產生線(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)。然而(er)當(dang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)受到較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)晶(jing)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)呈(cheng)90°的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疇(chou)逐(zhu)漸(jian)開始運(yun)動(dong)，由于原本(ben)x軸(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)格(ge)(ge)常(chang)數(shu)和(he)(he)z軸(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)格(ge)(ge)常(chang)數(shu)不(bu)相(xiang)等，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)兩軸(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉動(dong)就(jiu)導致了(le)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)晶(jing)體(ti)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)之間并非(fei)(fei)(fei)呈(cheng)線(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)關(guan)系。另外(wai)(wai)，與(yu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)呈(cheng)90°的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疇(chou)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)著(zhu)兩種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型，一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)卸載后(hou)會(hui)重新回(hui)(hui)到90°方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，另一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)則是(shi)不(bu)可逆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態，即使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)卸載后(hou)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)也不(bu)會(hui)改變(bian)(bian)，仍然處于極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。因(yin)此在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)外(wai)(wai)加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)卸載后(hou)，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)無法完(wan)全復制加(jia)載過(guo)程，其位(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)非(fei)(fei)(fei)線(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)會(hui)進一(yi)步加(jia)大，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)出現(xian)(xian)了(le)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)
壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)疊堆(dui)(dui)(dui)驅動(dong)(dong)器的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)加(jia)激勵電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)除了其波(bo)形和(he)幅值以外(wai)(wai)，頻(pin)率(lv)也是其中的(de)(de)(de)一個重要(yao)參數。由(you)于壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)疊堆(dui)(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)容性(xing)，其在外(wai)(wai)加(jia)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下(xia)會使(shi)得內部電(dian)荷(he)運動(dong)(dong)，從而移(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)(dong)到正負電(dian)極表(biao)面(mian)上。這種電(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)移(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)(dong)需要(yao)一定的(de)(de)(de)時間，如(ru)果(guo)外(wai)(wai)加(jia)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)換過快，就(jiu)有可(ke)能導(dao)致電(dian)荷(he)沒有移(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)(dong)到位，壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)陶瓷片沒有極化(hua)完(wan)全，相應的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)位移(yi)(yi)(yi)也就(jiu)不同(tong)(tong)。因此選用不同(tong)(tong)頻(pin)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)正弦(xian)(xian)交變(bian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)激勵壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)疊堆(dui)(dui)(dui)，測(ce)量其位移(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)。如(ru)圖2.9所示，給壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)疊堆(dui)(dui)(dui)驅動(dong)(dong)器施加(jia)一個30V的(de)(de)(de)正弦(xian)(xian)交變(bian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，頻(pin)率(lv)分別為(wei)1Hz、10Hz和(he)100Hz，從激光測(ce)振儀(yi)的(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)來看，壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)疊堆(dui)(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大(da)位移(yi)(yi)(yi)與(yu)正弦(xian)(xian)交變(bian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)頻(pin)率(lv)成反比(bi)關系，頻(pin)率(lv)增大(da)時最(zui)(zui)大(da)位移(yi)(yi)(yi)減小，100Hz時的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大(da)位移(yi)(yi)(yi)比(bi)之1Hz時減小了10.48%
此(ci)外將正弦交(jiao)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)頻(pin)率逐步提高(gao)，將位(wei)(wei)移的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)位(wei)(wei)與(yu)輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)位(wei)(wei)進行比較，從圖(tu)2.10中可以(yi)發(fa)現(xian)，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)態(tai)位(wei)(wei)移相(xiang)位(wei)(wei)基本(ben)與(yu)驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)一(yi)(yi)致，并(bing)且位(wei)(wei)移與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)位(wei)(wei)差在1000Hz時達到(dao)3°。由于本(ben)實驗中壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)一(yi)(yi)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)邊界條件處(chu)于自由狀態(tai)，因此(ci)其加載電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)頻(pin)率不可過高(gao)，在低(di)頻(pin)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)下，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)位(wei)(wei)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)頻(pin)率之間(jian)幾乎沒有(you)關系(xi)。這對于翼面流(liu)動(dong)(dong)控(kong)制來說是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個好的(de)(de)(de)特性，在改變(bian)頻(pin)率的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)下壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)疊堆(dui)驅動(dong)(dong)器的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移相(xiang)位(wei)(wei)并(bing)不會隨之改變(bian)，這給了主動(dong)(dong)控(kong)制一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)調整空間(jian)。
圖：ATA-4315高壓功率放大器指標參數
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